Medical Marijuana: Reducing Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients E

Medical Marijuana Reducing Spasticity in Multiple induration PatientsWhat is Multiple Sclerosis? Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS affects approximately 3.0 million people globally, with about 300,000 cases in the linked States. Twice as many women as men have MS. The average ages for onset of MS is 20-40 years. In MS, cells in the immune system attack and end myelin, the fatty tissue surrounding nerve cells (http//www.phylomed.com/MS.html). Scar tissue replaces the myelin, interfering with the transmission of nerve signals and leading to numbness, fatigue, spasticity, loss of muscular tissue control, and various other weaken symptoms. There are four broad theories concerning the etiology of MS. The immune system, environment, viral infections, and genetics are possible factors attributed to the cause of MS (http//www.nmss.org/msinfo/cmsi/etiology.html). Although there are no cures for MS, this disease is not fatal. Advance ments in technology and medicine enable people with MS to live 90-95% of the normal life span (Sibley, 12).What is Spasticity?Spasticity refers to an increase in muscle tone that causes muscle stiffness or spasms (Sibley, 105). There are two types of spasticity prevalent in people with MS phasic spasms and a sustained increase in muscle tone. Phasic spasms sub-categorize into two types of spasticity flexor and extensor. In flexor spasticity, the hips and knees of the person bend forward, due to tightening of the hamstrings. In extensor spasticity, the legs of the patient cross over at the ankles or lock together, with the hips and knees remaining rigid (http//www.nmss.org/msinfo/cmsi/spasticity.html). Spasms also occur less fre... ....M., Schonle, P.W., Conrad, B. Journal of Neurology, Effect of Cannabinoids on Spasticity and Ataxia in Multiple Sclerosis. 1989 236 pages 120-122.Petro, D.J., Ellenberger, C.E. Journal of clinical Pharmacology, discourse of Human Spasticity with Delt a-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. 1981 21 413S-416S.Sibley, William A. (1996). Therapeutic Claims in Multiple Sclerosis A Guide to Treatments (4th ed.). New York Demos Vermande.Ungerleider, J.T., Andrysiak, Y., Fairbanks, L., Ellison, G.W., Myers, L.W. Advanced Alcohol Substance Abuse, Delta-9-THC in the Treatment of Spasticity Associated with Multiple Sclerosis. 1988 7 (1), 39-50.http//www.phylomed.com/MS.htmlhttp//www.nmss.org/msinfo/cmsi/etiology.htmlhttp//www.farmacy.org/prop215/apha.htmlhttp//www.marihemp.com/marimed.htmlhttp//www.marijuanamyths.com/med-myths.php3

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Realism :: Glass Menagerie essays

The Realistic Feel of The nut Menagerie turkey cock Williams in the play The Glass Menagerie writes about a time when his family struggles. Many people can relate their problems one way or another with Williams. Though the play had a precise realistic feel to it, many people enjoy fairytale endings. The play is very well written, but I would change the ending. The ending was depressing. The consentaneous family worked so hard on preparing for the gentleman caller. Amanda, Toms mother completely redecorated their home and picked out beautiful clothes for Laura and herself. The whole play led up to this moment, of Laura coming together a nice gentleman caller. Conveniently it was the boy she had a crush on all through high school. Whom, she always fantasized about being with. At first it seemed he was interested in her also. They should ca-ca had him and Laura become romantically involved. Eventually get married and have kids. This would have been a much happier ending. non onl y would Laura be happy, but Amanda and Tom would be too. Amanda would finally not have to worry about her daughter anymore, because she would be taken care of. Tom would be happy because he too, would no longer have to worry about his sister. This is more like a fairy tale ending, but it would have been much more interesting and inspiring if Laura did become married to the gentlemen caller. Laura had such a rough time with her life, this would have given her hope that she never had. The complete play is a family attempt which can be compared to many of our own lives. The play isnt fantasy like at all. It is realistic, and thats what is good about it. Tom was struggling to taking care of his mother and sister, which can be compared, to the way families live today. Laura is disabled and very insecure of it. Amanda is just like any mother, she tries hard to tending her children have a secure future. Another hardship for Tom and his family is that their father is no longer in the pic ture. He abandoned the children at a very young age. These examples can be compared to our own lives. Instead of the play being about people with no problems, its about real people. Everyone has problems and struggles, maybe not only as Toms family does, but we can relate with similar problems.

SUV’s - Harmful to the Environment and Hazardous to their Owners Healt

SUVs - Harmful to the Environment and Hazardous to their Owners HealthSport utility vehicles, better known as SUVs, propose a hazard to other drivers on the road as well as their occupants. In addition to being unsafe they are also harmful to the environment. In the past six years SUVs have become the most popular vehicle on the roads in America and today they invoice for nearly fifty percent of all new vehicle sales. The annual sales of SUVs are currently on the rise as let down gun prices sweep across the nation. The combination of the SUVs hazardous nature and their rising sales makes for a very dangerous situation. Sport Utility Vehicles are harmful to the environment, hazardous to those occupying them, and create a hazard to other drivers on the road.SUVs are engineered from the same platforms that are used to create trucks and most of the age they share the same engine and components. Instead of having a bed like a truck, which is very light, they have an enclosed area for more seats or a cargo compartment, which is very heavy. The added weight forces the engine to combust more gas in order to be able to provide adequate indicator to move the added weight. This is the reason that SUVs get worse gas mileage than their truck counterparts. Even an SUV that comes with a small engine will get good-for-nothing gas mileage because it has to struggle and keep the RPMs high in order to move the vehicle. Higher RPMs equals more gas consumption. The emissions that SUVs put...

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Essay -- Essays Papers

Escherichia coli 0157H7Encounter and history Escherichia coli are gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that are often utilise in laboratory studies and are usually harmless, residing in the human digestive tract as part of the normal flora. E. coli 0157H7 is a pathogenic strain of E. coli that was low identified as a cause of disease in the United States in 1982, during an investigation into an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness. The organism is also called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) because it causes abdominal offend with diarrhea that may contain blood. It lives in the intestines of healthy cattle and can contaminate meat during slaughter. It is believed that the widespread use of antibiotics by American farmers has promoted the horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogenicity islands that has led to the creation of new pathogenic strains such as E. coli 0157H7. The verotoxins that cause the disease are also called shiga toxins because they were a cquired from Shigella strains. The illness preponderantly occurs in the U.S., Canada, Japan and other industrialized nations of Europe. The average incidence in most countries ranges from 1-30 per 100,000 and the number of confirmed cases is increasing. In the U.S, about 73,000 people are infected anually, with an average of 61 deaths per year. Entry, Spread and MultiplicationAfter food contaminated with E. coli 0157H7 is ingested, it travels through the digestive system and attaches to the mucosal epithelial cells of the large intestine and forms a pedestal, which leads to destruction of the microvili. The bacteria will then multipy and produce toxins, which, in addition to diarrhea cause vomiting in 50% of cases and fever in 30%. The av... ...ays to prevent contamination of EHEC during the growth, slaughter, proccesing of beef. A vaccine for cattle is not practical because the bacteria do not cause illness in cattle and wherefore do not stimulate their immune response. It is rec ommended that physicians have any patient with bloody diarrhea tested for EHEC. There are a variety of ways to detect it in the laboratory. It is possible to screen for EHEC by inoculating stool specimens onto MacConkey medium containing sorbitol instead of lactose. PCR tests for verotoxin are also available. Referenceshttp//www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact125.html http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htmhttp//www.cps.ca/english/statements/ID/id95-03.htmhttp//www.enceph.com/feature_archive/gastro/v25n4p205.htmlhttp//microbes.historique.net/ecoli.htmlhttp//www.i-sis.org.uk/ecoli.php

Analyzing Shakespears Sonnet 5 :: essays research papers

Many factors can be used to analyze &8220Sonnet 55 by William Shakespear and &8220Licia by Giles Fletcher. &8220Sonnet 55 and &8220Licia share the subject of eternal love. In &8220Sonnet 55, the narrator says that the memory of his love will last through &8220wasteful wars that destroy glaring objects (Shakespear 5). Love remains in the mind it is &8220living record of the lover&8217s memory and cannot be destroyed (Shakespear 8). &8220Licia as well mentions strong tangible objects being out-lasted by love. However, it also says that true love lasts beyond the superficial &8220rose and silver lilies as they die, love remains. Even as the rivers dry and the earth decays, love prevails. The last cardinal lines of each sonnet emphasize the subject as time passes, everything fades except love.The attitudes of Shakespear and Fletcher are also similar. Both are in awe of the power and tenaciousness of love. They mention things that they think of as extremely powerful and say that love will outlast them unlike them, love will not even fade. They extend to love seem to be like a rock that does not decay or move it is ever-present with the lovers and it is never forgotten. Both sonnets are Elizabethan sonnets. Their rhyme scheme is a, b, a, b, c, d, c, d, e, f, e, f, g, g. They build up the subject until the last two lines, where they reach the conclusion that love is eternal. Both are in imabic pentameter.Shakespear uses more ledger play than Fletcher. In line two, Shakespear says that nothing &8220shall outlive this powerful rime. Rime is the crust that builds up when something is in existence for a large amount of time.

Analyzing Shakespears Sonnet 5 :: essays research papers

Many factors can be used to analyze &8220Sonnet 55 by William Shakespear and &8220Licia by Giles Fletcher. &8220Sonnet 55 and &8220Licia share the contentedness of eternal love. In &8220Sonnet 55, the narrator says that the memory of his love will last through &8220wasteful wars that destroy tangible objects (Shakespear 5). Love remains in the mind it is &8220living record of the lover&8217s memory and cannot be destroyed (Shakespear 8). &8220Licia also mentions strong tangible objects being out-lasted by love. However, it also says that true love lasts beyond the superficial &8220rose and silver lilies as they die, love remains. Even as the rivers dry and the earth decays, love prevails. The last two strings of each sonnet show the subject as time passes, everything fades except love.The attitudes of Shakespear and Fletcher are also similar. Both are in awe of the power and perseverance of love. They mention things that they think of as extremely powerful and say that love will outlast them unlike them, love will not even fade. They make love seem to be like a rock that does not decay or move it is ever-present with the lovers and it is never forgotten. Both sonnets are Elizabethan sonnets. Their rhyme scheme is a, b, a, b, c, d, c, d, e, f, e, f, g, g. They take in up the subject until the last two lines, where they reach the conclusion that love is eternal. Both are in imabic pentameter.Shakespear uses more word play than Fletcher. In line two, Shakespear says that nothing &8220shall outlive this powerful rime. Rime is the crust that builds up when something is in existence for a large amount of time.

Chinese Civilization

The brilliant culture of the Chinese empire definitely had many contributions that are still being used in the world today. Chinas first gear civilization, like the other civilizations in the past, unquestionable along a great river which was a great factor to the rise of this civilization is called the Yellow River. It begins in the mountains of occidental China and forms a huge look as It flows 3,000 to the Yellow river. The Yellow river regularly overflows In its banks and leaves rich soil which was a great contribution for the supremacy of this civilization.However, spite the achievements and contributions, disastrous floods were common. According to the legend, the Ixia (Hiss) dynasty was started about 2,000 B. C. By You, a great hero. It was said that he was supposedly able to device a itinerary to checker the flooding waters in the Yellow River so that the farmers could still live in the valley. What if no one had discovered a way to control the flooding? Would there sti ll have been a Chinese civilization or would it have led to its downfall at an instant?Many dynasties emerged in China each with different rulers and a mix of unity ND disunity, lawlessness, war, violence, and prosperity. The early rules of these dynasties were thought to be sons of heaven who were given the mandate of heaven which the plaudit of the gods to rule as long as they ruled well. According to tradition, the Ixia rulers were so cruel and abused their power which Is why they lost their mandate of heaven to the Shank dynasty.Based on the dynasties, many of the early rulers controlled small states near the Yellow river but Influenced a larger area. Also, many dynasties were at constant war with neighbour people, corruption as rampant, people were forced to pay high taxes and natural disasters and calamities were the main causes for the downfall of many dynasties. There were many contributions and important developments in lodge during the Chinese civilization. These inclu ded tools and weapons made from stone, bone, and wood.Bronze was made into objects used by rulers and priests in religious rituals and ceremonies. Agriculture, technology, trade, and transportation all were undergoing changes at that time. Metalworkers learned how to make sturdy plows and cutting weapons. Canals for shipping were built (which shows the importance of he Yellow river In trade), and irrigation systems were developed. Also, in order to protect themselves, the Chinese constructed the Great Wall during the SQL dynasty but eventually killed many people.Furthermore, many new Ideas such as the knowledge of iron working, domestication of animals, horseback riding, and nomadic In addition to that, a teaching that developed during those periods was Confucianism. It developed from the teachings of the Confucius who was considered the greatest philosopher and teacher. He was concerned with questions of ethics and morality in terms of politics. According to Confucius, each person had a specific place in orderliness and certain duties and responsibilities to fulfill.

How trade restrictions affect international trade Essay

How do international sanctions, tariffs, quotas, and shell out restrictions affect international trade and costs of toil? world(prenominal) sanctions are set in place typically to protect countries involved in trade. There are many types of sanctions that have been in place for quite a while but the most commons sanctions are utilise to stop terrorism, which is extremely deductionant to even more so since September 11, 2001. Sanctions regarding trade restrictions on weapons, ammunition, and other materials used to make weapons or explosives are common among countries. When it comes to tariffs, it is a tax on imports imposed by the government to raise funds.There are also many types of tariffs, which are used by nearly every government in the world to exploit more money revenue for that government. In many cases a tariff is in place to protect an industry in that country. A Quota is a way to describe the checks and balance system for which a government or business determines its publish and demand quantity. Different international sanctions, tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions all can hamper international trade and may also increases the cost of production.How do tariffs and sanctions on the import of auto engines into the U.S. affect production and costs at Acme?Tariffs and sanctions ultimately would hinder Acme Motors on the import of auto engines and parts because the price of the production pieces would rise noticeably. At this current time United States benefits extremely from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), since the U.S. does not impose tariffs and hampering sanctions on trades with Canada and Mexico. As explained in the first paragraph, that if tariffs were implemented the prices of these products would greatly increase because of the government take on this revenue which would lead to higher prices the consumers would end up paying. So outlying(prenominal) it has shown to be beneficial for the United States and Acme Motors ha ving the lack of sanctions and tariffs.Do you agree with trade restrictions? When do you think they are successful?My personal thoughts are that trade restrictions are very important and that I do agree with these restrictions. While third world countries do not benefit from these restrictions it is still used to dividing line terrorist trade capabilities, maintains economies that are alreadyestablished, and controls the flow of productions that look to monopolize one or many different forms of business. The United States is heading into a recession or may already be knee deep into one but if the U.S. did not impose trade restrictions on certain countries the very foundation in which this country was established would be swept right out from underneath our feet.ReferenceSawyer, W.C., & Sprinkle, R.L. (2003). International Economics, Second Edition. 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Taylor, S. (2007, Feb 07). International Sanctions, Tariffs, Quotas, an d Trade Restrictions. Retrieved on December 7, 2008, from http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/132626/international_sanctions_tariffs_quotas.html?cat=3

My Cv

OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY ILE-IFE CURRICULUM VITAE FOR ACADEMIC STAFF A PERSONAL DATA 1. designationAPELOKO David Olubunmi (Surname) (Other names) 2. Date and Place of Birth 19th September, 1979 Ilawe Ekiti 3. NationalityNigerian 4. State of OriginEkiti State 5. Senatorial District Ekiti south-central 6. Local Government AreaEkiti South West Local Government 7. Permanent Home AddressLine 1, Modomo Layout, The Dawn B/S, Ile Ife. 8. Marital StatusMarried 9. No. of Children and their AgesOne 3 years. 10.Name and Address of Spouse Mrs Olubunmi-Apeloko Kehinde Line 1, Modomo Area, the Dawn B/S, Ile Ife 11. Date of Assumption Duty March 1st, 2012 12. Status on First AppointmentGraduate admirer 13. Present Position Graduate Assistant 14. Date of Present Appointment February 28th, 2012 15. Present Salary CONUAS 01, step 2 16. Date of Confirmation Appointment non Applicable 17. If Not Confirmed, Why? Duration Not Yet Attained 18. FacultyAdministration 19. Department/UnitPublic Administ ration B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND 1. Higher educational Institution Attended with Dates ) Obafemi Awolowo University (2010-2013) b) Obafemi Awolowo University (2003-2007) 2. donnish and Professional Qualifications a) M. Sc Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University (2013) b) B. Sc Political Science Obafemi Awolowo University (2007) 3. Other Distinctions and Awards (with Dates) Nil 4. Specialization Comparative studies, Political communication, remainder Management, Public policy, HRM and Governance 5. Fields of Interest Conflict Study and Resolution, Comparative studies, New Media Communication, Public policy Analysis, HRM and Governance C.WORK EXPERIENCE 1. Previous Work welcome outside the University System Associate Lecturer, Osun State College of Education, Ila (Ife Study Center) 2. Work Experience in the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Graduate Assistant since February, 2012 till date 3. Courses Taught indoors the last Academic Session PAD 301 Organisation and Admini strative Theory (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge) PAD 306- Traditional Administrative System in Nigeria (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge) PAD 401 Local Government Administration in Nigeria (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge)D. MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES Member, National Association of Political Science (NAPS) Graduate member, Nigeria Institute of Management (NIM) E. PUBLICATIONS 1. dissertation/Dissertation i) The Impact of Domestic Policies on Nigerian Foreign Policy under President Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007) (B. Sc Dissertation, Obafemi Awolowo University. Ile Ife) ii) An Assessment of the Role of the sight Media in President Obasanjos Third Term Agenda. , (M. Sc Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, OAU, Ile- Ife. ) 2. Review of Book Nil 3a. Published Articles 1.Ayeni O. O. and Apeloko D. O. (2013) Political Party Finance An Examination of the Three Dominant Political Parties in 2007 Governorship option in Ekiti State. JABU International diary of Social and Management Sciences. Vol. 4. No 1. pp 128-143 ?2. Olaiya T. A.. Apeloko D. O and Ayeni O. O. (2013). Factors in Mass Media, Third- Term Agenda and Governance in Nigeria. American Journal of New Mass Media and Mass Communication. Vol. 10. pp 48-62. b. Published Conference Proceedings Nil 4. Manuscripts Accepted for Publication (a) Apeloko D. O. and Ayeni O. O. (2013). Tyrant Democrats, the Third Term Agenda and the Nature of Mass Media Role. Quarterly Journal of Administration. b) Apeloko D. O. and Ayeni O. O. (2012). National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) in Post- Crisis Management Project in Jos, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Social and Development Issues, University of Calabar, Calabar. 5. Manuscripts Submitted for Publication a) insurance coverage Human Right Accurately Panacea for Economic Development in Nigeria b) Apeloko D. Olubunmi and Ayeni O. O. (2012). New Paradigm of Political Violence in Nigeria Mapping the Territory of Theories. . creative Work Nil 7. Technical Re ports Nil 8. Papers and Works in Preparation Human Resource Management in Post-Bank Merger/Acquisition in Nigeria A thoughtful examination of Access Bank Plc. _________________________________________________________ ? Foreign publication F. PROFESSIONAL ACCOMPLISHMENT Research works on different subjects within the spectrum of governing and administration. G. CONFERENCE ATTENDED 50th anniversary international conference organized by the department of History, OAU, Ile Ife, 28th-31st October, 2012 on Security Challenge in Nigeria.H CURRENT look into ACTIVITIES An Assessment of National ICT Policy in Nigeria and the Implication for the Promotion of Good Governance. I. EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES Thinking and discussing J. ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Duties within the department 1. Secretary, Departmental meeting 2. Assisting Part three Adviser Signature Date

American Development

The view on the rudes conversance and compact has been the point of argument for federalist and anti federalist parties who seek to establish their ideal grade of placement based on arguments that address the diametrical issues involved and the flaws created by the opposition. During the late 1700s, both Federalist and anti Federalist papers were published to influence the formation and the batchs sentiment on the interpretation of the establishments force-out, responsibility and limitation based on the newly formed constitution.Different papers and literary propaganda were published by both Federalist and anti Federalist authors below different pseudonyms. The most notable federalist authors are James Madison, Patrick Henry, black lovage Hamilton and John Jay who wrote the different articles contained in a collection of 85 Federalist papers. The Federalist papers were made to serve as a source to help the battalion empathise the constitution and its implications on the authorities. Basic each(prenominal)y, it advocated the establishment of a federal government over the previous leadership based on the articles of confederation.The Federalist were able to confirm and establish the implication and viability of a central government as opposed to the limitations brought about by the separate sovereignty, power and authority of local leadership established within from each one state (Bailyn 23). The Federal government envisioned by the Federalist Party is considered to be the balancing tool in assigning and redistributing the government powers so as to hold abuse and misplaced authority by any person in position.As opposed to the articles of confederation which seeks to establish the respective(prenominal) sovereignty and power of each state, the federalist argued that an individual state free from any sanctions and limitations by a central power could possibility overpower a neighboring state without any preemptive jural ramifications. This cou ld be prevented by putting all of the states under one leadership which is subjected to the constitution and implements its decisions with consideration to the implications it has to all the human rights, state and government laws, equality and pallor could be preserved.The government envisioned by the Federalist is to serve for the people and by the people. The plan of liberty and union by the federalist can be summarized through the concept of equal distribution of power within the government. The newly written constitution is interpreted in such a way that the greatest benefit of the governed people could be portrayed as the purpose of the law. The Federalist 1 written by Hamilton is the first among the Federalist papers.The main purpose of this portion is to dispose of the articles of confederation which is depicted as insufficient and lacking of all the positive attributes to render the government effective in uniting the country. The federalist established that the key to t he prosperity and development of the country is the human beings of a union between the states. Conformity within the whole country will help the people achieve branch in a linear direction that will preserve a lasting relationship among all the citizens from different parts of the country.Liberty from discrimination, poverty and conflicts could be achieved through a truthful union (Bailyn 43). Another issue address in the federalist papers is the existence of a faction which is considered a threat to the union and peace in the country. Specifically addressed in the federalist 10, factions could be in the form of a group of people or club which has a special interest contrasting to the general cheeseparing of the population.Considering the fact that a divide country could easily succumb to war and poverty, people should safeguard the execution of the constitution as a part of their community and state. The establishment of the concept contained in the federalist paper has help ed people define and address the portray problems they are encountering under the articles of confederation. Prior to the establishment of the linked States constitution, the individualism among the different states serve as the trend in which the people conducted their economic and political policies.This led to disunity and disparity of purpose which most of the time resulted in conflicts and anarchy. The Federalist Party has seen the want to establish a unified consciousness among the localities founding the different states to avoid misunderstanding and selfish objectives which only disrupt the national process of development. The government under the new constitution is not exempt from the laws which are implemented throughout the country. One of the most important aspects of union and liberty is the equal distribution of power within the government.This could be achieved by distributing equal power to the different branches of the government in which they have the capacity to refute and cancel out any form of excessiveness that could occur from any of the branches. The constitution is the only limiting factor that rights the borders of what the authorities and officials can do. Contrary to what the anti Federalist Party was claiming, the president is not a king since the judiciary branch could pursue a case of violation against any leader who has violated the law.The function of equality within the government and country is made possible through the processes found within the law and constitution. Among the most famous and influential anti federalists people during the late 1700s included George Clinton and William West. The anti federalist party was immediately established as soon as the new constitution was published. Conflicts between the viability of the new constitution and the government and its bearing on the liberty of the people have been expressed by the anti federalist as the main issue to be tackled.The individualism created by the previo usly instituted articles of the confederation has established an obscure and localized form of governance within the states that has resulted in disarray and chaos which led some of the politicians to believe that a central government which has the power to govern the whole country would be much more complicated and impossible to achieve. The Federalist Party was composed of varying groups with different beliefs regarding the violation and existence of the constitution.The Borden collection has all the 85 articles regarding the anti federalist movement and how it establishes all the facts and information which seemed to validate the claims of the people involved. Among the claims found in the Borden collection was published and written by George Clinton who was known as Cato during that time. He claims that the central government which was established along with the new constitution could easily violate the individual sovereignty enjoyed by the different states in the country.He be lieved that the in-person freedom of the people could easily be manipulated by the president which he considers as the king of the government. The federalist quickly refuted his claim, since the President elect is subjected to the same laws and restrictions which are set in place for the common person. George Clinton also claimed that the viability and survival of a single government for the whole country as an effective governing body seemed to be impossible and would only waste the resources of the nation (Borden 31).Patrick Henry, a famous and well known revolutionary, was one of the firmest anti federalist during that time. He argues that individualism of the states is violated through the implementation of a linear constitution. He claims that the government could possibly undermine the economic viability of a state since it has no way of monitoring the condition the local conditions present in the area. It is better to have a local government since it could easily implement t he ideal laws that suites the states condition. Development could be achieved through micromanaging since it is hardheaded and convenient (Borden 12).By analyzing the collective thoughts of the members of the anti federalist movement, individualism is the key issue which they argue is lost through an absolute central government. Some argue that an ideal government would target the economic viability of the whole country by using the resources of the south and the north to its advantages. Since there is only one government, objectivity to the success, growth and improvement of a state is lost. The Principles of the Declaration of independence is highly critical to the success of the government and the new constitution established.The federal government has taken into account the existence of equality among men and the sacredness of freedom in considering the dignity of a person. That is why the federal government set in place allows the authority and power to be distributed every bi t and without bias to its branches to avoid excessiveness and abuse due to misplacement of power and privileges. The main concept of union and equality is perpetrated through the unified linear growth projected from a single federal government for the whole country.The transition from a divided country based on the articles of confederation allowed the American people to view the future of a country from a single unified perspective. The existence of each state is complementary to each other allowing liberty to be preserved. The Declaration of Independence guided the federalist movement in maintaining objectivity in establish a stable and fair government through out the United States of America. Basically, the individualistic claims by the anti Federalist Party has been refuted since the unity and liberty of the country could be preserved through the establishment of equal power through the country.The government itself is subjected to the same laws which govern the different states . The federal government confirms the existence of an absolute constitution which establishes that no man is above the law. References Bailyn, Bernard, The Debate on the Constitution Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and garner During the Struggle over Ratification Library of America, 1993. Borden, Morton, The Antifederalist Papers, Michigan State University Press, 1965.

Theoretical Framework for Numl

Theoretical framework The study regarding organisational tilt shows that to be successful an organization must not only sustain itself on the inside, but it should also adjust itself to the environmental needs. For an organization to be effective it is important that it is stable and is able to change suitably. Organizational health is a speculation which is used to explain the extent to which an organization is proficient of dealing with these two, slightly opposing forces.It is observed by Owens that as time passes organizations try to maintain themselves, sum up the bureaucratic rigidity and try to adopt the traditional practices. He called this an organizational climate which is unhealthy and lays emphasis on maintaining the organization at the cost of its unavoidableness for continuous flexibility to meet with the varying demands and expectations of the external environment (Owens, 1981). In his observation about the Pakistani Universities, S.Mehmood says that there are vari ous reasons like privation of funding, lack of political will, acute centralization, lowquality teachers, and the absence of a conductive teaching and research environment which unable the universities in Pakistan to grow (Mehmood, 2010). Institutions responding to environmental needs and these reasons can be viewed as healthy institutions. This description closely resembles to the cause of low use of the students in NUML Peshawar. Organizational change can be produced by organizational self-renewal. Such an organization which is able to self-renewal is described by 1.An environment that beliefs in flexibility and openness to change, increasing communications, and problem-solving. 2. A clear and super C techniques through which participants can participate in orderly, methodical, cooperative problem-solving 3. A capacity to reach out suitably for ideas and resources that help to solve problems (Owens, 1981). Smith has reported that institutions which feed been able to adopt orga nizational changes possessed three necessary characteristics effective leadership, enlistment of prevalent support, and the fusion of purpose and people (Smith, n. d. ).These findings show that differences in organizational change and leader behavior should be related to low intake of the students. The independent variable in this case will be organizational change with respect to time. Changes are needed in annual funding (increase in budget), quality of teachers, teaching and research environment, awareness about the campus and courses (advertisement) and campus premises. The dependent variable is the intake of students in NUML. If these differences are met, the intake of students can increase by bringing changes in the organization that meet the day-to-day demands.

Critically Assess the View That Natural Law Is of No Use When Discussing Sexual Ethics Essay

I believe that natural law of nature is of no use when discussing hinge uponual ethics as it is very vague and doesnt take into look specific situations. pictorial Law speculates that everything has a resolve, and that mankind was made by god with a specific design or objective in mind. It says that this purpose can be known finished reason. As a result, fulfilling the purpose of our design is the only good for humans. The Primary Precepts of inwrought Law require us to live in an ordered society to reproduce, to educate our young, to protect the innocent and the most important to worship God.The most applicable of these in this subject is reproduction, and if you look at it as a duty to continue the re-population of Gods people than of course sex can be understood as a good and moral action. In fact there are m whatsoever biblic references to sex and Gods opinion on it, in multiplication He says be fruitful and increase in number and through-out it shows that sex is neces sary. The problem for a Natural Law supporter comes when sex is only through with(p) as an efficient vex, e. g. or pleasure and enjoyment, this is not following Gods final cause of re-production.Contraception is seen as immoral in Natural law and for most Catholics. If contraception is used it splits the efficient practice of sex from the final cause of reproduction this goes against that actions purpose and makes it wrong as not what God intended. However some Natural Law supporters would argue that sex is not about what humans gain from it but what God actually intended it to be about, which could be unity and mania etc.Other philosophers/philosophies who argue that this way of thinking about contraception and sex can lead to situations of unnecessary suffering. For example, a utilitarian approach would assess how pain and pleasure can be maximised in a situation and so would probably sharply contrast with Natural Law. Another thing to involve when thinking about natural law a nd contraception is that they dont take into account third world countries, for example, and how not using contraception will lead to a spreading of aids and children the parents cant afford to give a good life.Homosexuality is some other sexual issue that Natural Law calls immoral for the same reason as contraception, because it doesnt fill in sexs final cause and reproduction and so queer sex cannot produce any children it is not ethical. The Catholic Church has long supported this view and have declared that homosexual orientation is not in itself immoral but just like the infertile couple sex without the possibility of children makes it wrong.However another thing to consider as part of the living in an ordered society precept is not being judgmental of other people. Pre-marital sex could be seen as every good or bad by natural law followers as if the couple is reproducing and being good nurturing parents then theyre fulfilling most of the principal(a) precepts and that is go od. However they arent fulfilling the main one, worshiping God, as the bible teaches that sex should be saved for marriage, so a lot of natural law followers would say it is wrong.Something to consider in this is if theyre actually planning to get married at all? Does it still count as pre-marital? Extra marital sex is also a contentious issue for Natural Law followers. In a wedding ceremony promises are made forrader God to love and to cherish and most importantly forsaking all others to stay married until death do us part. As a vow before God, this cannot be broken and still be part of the primary precept worship God.The ultimate aim of life is to be united with God through our moral actions, as society where immorality and deception are accepted is not a place where God is being worshipped effectively. Sex should be about reproduction and families and therefore bringing you closer to God not a violation of a sacred vow. To conclude, I would argue that Natural law is an overly ha rsh method of making ethical decisions. It does not take into account the most loving action for people and nor does he make any exception for circumstance or what will benefit the majority of people.

Marketing Plan-Rehab Center for the Elderly

The pore, located in an bea with some(prenominal) elderly people, has to curb the correct persona of marketing for it to be flourishing. Getting to agnise the local macrocosm and all of the environmental, technological, and social, as well as many a(prenominal) opposites, is a critical element in subtle how to prep ar a marketing plan. Utilizing resources properly and evaluating the current and past situation volition allow for a go future of The nerve as well. This marketing plan lays out all of these factors to show how the coterminous step in how The revolve about result be moving forward. Situation AnalysisHaving a reclamation center for the elderly in a minimally populated argona sess present problems for the profession, further it besides has its perks. Population in this general location is not the still factor that effects business economical, and technological issues may arise also. These elements can do many things for business such as anywhereha ul predict future trends of consumers, keep in touch with competitor and their strategies, discover your own companys marketing requirements, know the social, political, and demographic aspects, and internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats.Organizational Analysis of Objectives and Resources This reformation centers objectives allow for persistence in outcomes and ability to reach goals. Maintaining client satisfaction, reducing the overall cost of rehabilitative gains, and reducing the cost of maintaining these services are currently of import objectives (Masters, 2011). another(prenominal) objective The Center is steering on is providing housing facilities for those whom need long-term rehabilitation assist. many a(prenominal) resources are utilise to sustain these objectives. wariness teams and committees have been formed and put into place, as well as working with the ommunity, and using financial, technological, and educational resourc es. Utilizing these resources properly allow for The Center to run smoothly and efficiently. Getting to know the customer, and figuring out what they seek in a rehabilitation center are ways to maintain customer satisfaction. Research efforts have make it possible to determine that customers, as well as their families, enjoy the wide range of services provided on with the highest quality of care. To maintain this satisfaction, the results from research are taken into consideration and put into action as realistically as possible.Some of this research has shown that by allowing customers to be as independent as possible draw satisfaction ratings to stay up. Educational resources are used to train current and future employees on subjects pertaining to care for the elderly. For example, depending on the type of work the employee does, workshops and training sessions are given on a regular groundwork. altogether employees are required to attend at least two annually. These classes c over various topics such as how to use latefangled technology, new management strategies, how to make life comfortable before, during, and after rehabilitation, i. . the new active installing, and how to make working conditions more enjoyable for all employees. The local and even regional communities are resources apply by The Center as often as possible. Many individuals and social groups host fundraisers, social eudaemonia gatherings, and some visit the patients at The Center regularly. In improver to financial support, the residential area also does pop the question work to keep up the landscaping, fix any minor damage to buildings, and work mavin-on-one with patients for chaste support. Consumer Market AnalysisIt is an ever increasing trend for elderly consumers to want a more relaxing and convenient way to get through rehabilitation. While we offer outpatient services to our customers, it has been noted that many would emolument from a residential type setting. Furt hermore, demographic research has shown an increasing number of elderly people in the local area. In a survey given to residents within a 20 mile gas constant and age 50 or above, the majority has shown that they are comforted by the option of staying in a housing facility during their rehabilitation.Competitive Market Analysis While other nearby healthcare centers provides rehabilitation services, none provide residential options in addition to their outpatient options. Additionally, the technology used in The Center is the in vogue(p) available on the market. there have also been additions to the machinery and tools. Upgrades in technology are not the only improvements that have been made customers wanted to have a more private visit to The Center, so displace have been separated with adjustable walls and curtains.External Market Environment Being a part of an industrial economy with few natural resources to provide for it, The Center depends on the consistency of patients and its resources to survive. The Center counselinges on customer satisfaction by listening to the customer and changing the way we operate to better suit them. some other way The Center achieves a high rate of satisfaction is by understanding who the customer is on an individual level. Demographically, the location of The Center is convenient to most people within a 20-mile radius.Also, as stated earlier, the macrocosm within this area is aging fairly rapidly. The elderly population has almost doubled over the past 7 years. Machinery is not the only part of the technology upgrades that bring customers to The Center, medicine and surgery options that have been adopted by The Center have shown improvement in rehabilitation outcomes. drum Analysis The SWOT structure is layered with reporting and conference channels designed to provide a system of communication and accountability within The Center (Judy N. Muthuri, 2009).With this system, internal Strengths and Weaknesses, and exter nal Opportunities and Treats are examined and categorized. This will allow for the company to better understand what is going on internally and externally. Internal Strengths The Center has many internal strengths, including up-to-date technology, the supernumerary housing facility, some of the top physical therapists are located at this center, and management teams are passing prepare and qualified before they are hired. Historically, The Center has been financially stable, ithout many discrepancies in regard to set and beliefs held by The Center and its employees. Recently, The Center has been awarded for its high level of customer service and was recognized as one of the top grossing rehabilitative centers in the South East. Internal Weakness The main internal weakness The Center faces is cost. With the newest technology highly qualified staff and the new housing facility, the cost of running The Center has gain significantly over the past couple of years. Because The Center is fairly large in size, it takes a propagate of financial and human resources to operate.Another weakness is being understaffed. Many employees are working extra hours and eld so that all positions are covered at all times. Opportunity The Center has been attempting to keep up with changing trends in healthcare, and more specifically rehabilitative care. It is essential for The Center to realize and understand how the population is changing in respect to social trends, lifestyle changes, population size and age, economic factors, legal, political, and financial changes, what the competition is doing, and technological changes (Charles Lamb, 2010).Threat The main threats The Center faces are competition, and the economy. The local competition poses a threat in the main because of the location and the lower costs for some of the same services. It is genuinely easy to find the location of the competition. They are situated in an area that has lower traffic flow and from the inter state the customer will fail less time. Because the competition does not offer as many services, the amount of resources used to operate are much less than The Center. The economy is a threat because healthcare costs are still high.Many of the residents within a 20-mile radius are retirees and income is not very substantial, especially if they are in need of high quality rehabilitation. trade Plan Objectives Increasing the number of residents in the new housing facility is the main marketing goal for the next year. Over the next couple of months, The Center plans to increase sensory faculty of The Center and the housing center by placing advertisements in several types of media outlets. Television and newspapers are the main types of media that will be used by The Center.Research has shown that people of all ages still watch TV and many ages 30 and above still read newspapers. The advertisements will appear everyday, two times per day, for the next tail fin months. If a certain p ercentage of the local population sees the advertisements, the advertisements will be shown less often. Newspaper advertisements will be shown in every Sundays edition for five months also. Differentiation and Positioning The new housing facility is a service no other rehabilitation center has. In addition to the new facility, the services provided are of the highest quality.All staff is knowledgeable of daily operations, which allows for efficiency. Customer satisfaction is the basis of values The Center runs on. With the elderly population growing rapidly, it is important that as many services be available to them as possible. The Center has more services to offer than any local rehabilitation center. Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy is to involve the elderly population and their families by promoting the highest quality of rehabilitative care. Advertisements and other types of forwardingal outlets are used to market The Center and its new housing facility.Target Market Because the focus of The Center is elderly rehabilitation, the target market is those the age 50 or above and within a 20-mile radius. It is also important to target the families of these people. If the families are learning about The Center, they are more likely to see that their elderly family member choose The Center rather than the competition. The marketing strategy also requires that doctors offices and hospitals refer their patients to The Center. With that type of relationship, it is more likely that more customers will go to The Center. The Marketing MixProduct/Service, price, place, and promotion are the four Ps of marketing. The proper combination of these four elements will increase customer ratings and revenues (WebFinance, 2013). The customer satisfaction that The Center strives for is possible because of the four Ps. It is also the reason for it being so successful over the many years it has been a part of the community. Service/Product The product being marketed is the new housing facility. Its many additional services set it apart from, not only the competition, but also any other rehabilitation center in the region.Patients are able to spend time at the rehabilitation center rather than load up the car and drive to a center and appropriate the same day. If this travelling becomes a burden on the patient, they will have the option of actually using up a night or several nights. Price As mentioned earlier, the price for this type of care can get expensive. But it is also important remember that this is the only place to receive certain types of services. On the positive side, the only part that can get pricy is the housing facility. After all, it is an additional service that is optional.Most of the other services offered by The Center are actually less expensive than those of the competition. There are plans to reduce the price over time after revenue increases. Place The location of The Center is very easy to access. It is relatively close to downtown and is in an area with fairly low traffic. Another factor that makes the location of The Center is navigation. It is easy to navigate the area, even from the interstate or other split of the city the customer can easily find The Center. promotion Advertisement is the biggest form of promotion The Center utilizes currently.In addition to paid advertisements, the social events and fundraisers held by the community also win The Center. It is very important to The Center to keep these close ties with the community because it is a type of informal communication that keeps the community informed. The promotional Mix As mentioned previously, the main promotions are advertisements and an additional promotion is word-of-mouth. Advertisements are paid forms of promotion for a good or service, usually in newspapers, television, or on the radio (Dictionary. com, 2013).Promotions are ways to promote a good or service to the public through means of personal appearance, brochures, and posters (Dictionary. com, Promotion, Define Promotion at Dictionary. com, 2013). Advertising Newspapers and television are the main sources of advertisement for The Center. Many other forms are used but are typically considered informal. Word-of-mouth advertising is another useful form that lets people know the services provided by The Center. Personal Selling Personal selling is not a form of promotion that The Center uses regularly.It is much too costly, and from past experiences, it is not very successful. Publicity The fundraisers and social events hosted by the community are the two main ways The Center gets publicity. Such events are open to anyone who wishes to join. They are held every couple of months and bring in a lot of new and prospective customers. They are also skillful because many of the customers, past and present, join in and tell of their experiences while at The Center. Sales Promotion It is very rare for a rehabilitation company to offer sales promotions i n return for healthcare services.It is thorny to allow for customers to not pay for the service they have received because of the cost of rehabilitation therefore, sales promotions are not offered at The Center. Implementation and Control The marketing plan will be implemented at the beginning of the next quarter. Management teams and all members of the staff have been informed of this and are being trained to properly implement the new strategy. The ideal outcome is that The Center will gain customers and therefore increase revenue. Advertisements and promotions are being used to encourage customers choose The Center.

The Heroic Journey of Aladdin: the Diamond in the Rough

The same hero wearing a different mask appears demolition-to-end great literature and films. The heros go motif, as Joseph Campbell, the acclaimed American mythology professor and famous originator identified, has been present in all(prenominal) cultures since the low gear documented stories. From Odysseus and the other great figures of the ancient Greek myths to the to a greater extent modern character of Frodo in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, the audience essentially accompanies the same hero throughout a series of stages and obstacles that compose the original heroic jaunt.The heros journey can be particularly followed in the various animated Disney films that give existence to some of the near revered heroes of all time. For instance, the successful film, Aladdin, released in 1992 and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, brings to the public the interesting journey of a early days human being on a quest to ferret out himself. The character of Aladdin fits the pr ofile of the hero as he embarks in the heros journey unintentionally but proves to have undergone a complete developing of character while attaining valuable insight about his true nature and worth by the end of the adventure.The film Aladdin narrates the emotive love bill of a poor young man who falls in love with the beautiful princess Jasmine and begins a meaningful journey to conquer her love. Aladdin, a street rat, as he is often called by those who know him, is a true diamond in the rough, whose worth lies far at heart that has great potential but has not been given the opportunity to shine yet (Clements, Musker). Because of this reason, he is the save one who can enter the hollow out of Wonders.He does so to retrieve a magic lamp for Jafar, the Sultans evil vizier. This event initiates the departure of the heros journey as Aladdins attain with Jafar disguised as an old prisoner signifies the call to adventure. Even though Aladdin is not aware that this is the beginning of his journey, from this record on everything will change. The young man becomes trapped inside the cave with his inseparable pet monkey, Abu, where they encounter one of two supernatural aids, a magical carpet that becomes their close friend.Inside the cave they also find the lamp and its friendly magical inhabitant, the djinny, the most important supernatural aid, who also becomes Aladdins essential guide. The moment Aladdin makes the first wish out of the three the djinn grants him he crosses the first threshold. Simultaneously, he enters the belly of the whale since from this agitate on Aladdin abandons the livelihood of poverty and crime, which he is accustomed to for a life of wealth and royalty. This begins his adventure into tonic territory as playing prince becomes more complex than expected.At first Aladdin embarks in the heroic journeys initiation merely for the material rewards and the opportunity to abandon his difficult life in the streets of Agrabah, but on t he way he learns to appreciate his true self and comes to fit Campbells prototype of the hero. Aladdins object for going on the journey is to win the heart of Jasmine, who he has deeply fallen in love with since their first encounter at the market spotlight or the meeting with the goddess. The love Aladdin and Jasmine share motivates him to begin and gallop on the journey in hopes of marrying her.Once Aladdin has already initiated the journey, the evil Jafar becomes the woman as temptress in his life. Jafar continues to place obstacles in Aladdins path physically by first trying to kill him in the Cave of Wonders, then by attempting to drown him in order to stop him from courting Jasmine as Prince Ali, and finally attempting to execution of instrument him as a giant cobra. Most importantly, Jafar psychologically tempts Aladdin to give up several times and interferes with his psychical quest by recurrently making degrading comments that obstruct Aladdins ability to recognize his capacity and value.The initiation phase in Aladdin continues with the atonement with the father. In this step, Aladdin has an argument with the Genie, who has become a mentor, much the likes of a father figure. The Genie criticizes Aladdins change in character. He feels that Aladdins transformation into Prince Ali has adapted his personality. Aladdin has become arrogant and selfish. This argument results in Aladdins realization and reawakening of his true self as he recognizes he must stay true to his convictions. This epiphany allows Aladdins true self to focus on the culture-ditch boon, which is marrying Princess Jasmine, what he originally begins his journey for.Aladdin concludes his journey with the return, which success liberaly brings him to the freedom to live. Aladdin experiences the refusal of the return earlier in the story when he lets his insecurity overcome him. After he has had the chance to experience life as Prince Ali, Aladdin says, the last thing I want to be n ow, is be myself (Clements, Musker). He refuses to return to his normal life where the Genie cannot wish all his troubles away. The Genie is also an important part of the rescue form without stage in Aladdins journey. At this point Aladdins vulnerability as healthy as the Genies appreciation for him are evident.Aladdin is captured by Jafar and thrown in to the bottom of the river with a rock tied to his feet. Without the Genies aid this would have been the end of the heros journey. Most importantly soon by and by this incident the Genie rescues Aladdin from himself and his selfishness when he makes him realize that he is only concerned about his own well being. Finally, Aladdins quest ends with his attainment of the freedom to live. By this point the young hero has learned to take back himself and is willing to renounce to his own happiness for the joy of others.The protagonist of Aladdin experiences the many stages of the heros journey in order to realize his true potential as w ell as come full disperse in terms of character. In the beginning of the film, the viewer meets Aladdin and can immediately recognize his internal good nature. Early on in the movie, Aladdins generosity and compassion become evident when he gives up his only meal of the day to two poor children he finds rummaging though the garbage for something to eat. not late after this, he saves the same two children from Prince Achmeds whip.At this point, Aladdin does not realize his worth and this is why he must take off on a series of adventures beyond the ordinary to nominate some life giving elixir (Campbell 127). The life giving elixir, as Campbell puts it in The Power of Myth, is Aladdins realization of his self worth, which becomes essential for his happiness. The journey tests Aladdins physical abilities numerous times, but it is from the psychological trials that Aladdin gains the most insight. Aladdins experiences along the journey affect his good character but eventually lead him to the eventual(prenominal) level of maturity.Before going on the quest Aladdin does not know himself, and thus, he is that mystery which he is desire to know (Campbell 15). However, Aladdin is not successful in staying true to his nature along the journey. Aladdin becomes caught up in the life of luxury and comfort that the Genie grants him. He begins to live in a lie and adopt an arrogant and selfish attitude. Aladdin had promised the Genie earlier that he would utilize his third wish to free him from his life as the lamps slave, however he becomes unable to stay true to that romise because of his selfishness and insecurity. He is afraid to be himself and feels he needs the Genie to maintain the fantasy life he has created. This is why the heros journey ultimately represents the pattern of life, growth, and experience (Harris) for Aladdin. The journey serves as a revelation for accepting ones self and renouncing to ones own satisfaction for the interest of others. As Aladdin fol lows the steps in Campbells heros journey, he ends the adventure by reaching the ultimate realization.The tale comes full circle as the journey polishes the diamond in the rough that embarked on the journey to produce a man who is aware of his potential and utilizes it for the benefit of others. At the end of the story, Aladdins complete maturation of character becomes essential as he gives up his happiness by renouncing his third wish to marry Jasmine for the Genies freedom. Of course, Disney could not end the adventure with the young mans disillusionment, the Sultan changes the law, and Aladdin is able to marry the Princess because of his merit.

Medical Pluralism Essay

Despite being very polar countries, Africa and Australia sh be a phenomenon termed health check exam pluralism. This form of health c atomic number 18 is indeed pluralistic as it consists of the totality of medical subsystems that coexist in a cooperative or competitive relationship with one an an separate(prenominal) (Baer 2004, p. 109). Although medical pluralism is not upstart by any means, it is still used differently in various cultures around the globe. This essay go away first describe the array of healthcare strategies that form different cultures pluralistic health care systems and how these cultures contract which path to take.As well, both the advantages and disadvantages to this approach will be explored through select case studies. Finally, a glimpse of issues regarding the future of medical pluralism in Australia will be looked at. According to both Baer (2004) and Quinlain (2011), anthropologists divide intervention options into three categories the professiona l sector, the popular sector, and the folk sector. The professional sector, or quite a bio medical specialty or even horse opera medicine, includes those that obtain formal training. This form of treatment was established in the 1900s based on scientific reasoning with an emphasis on pathogens.Even though biomedicine has become more dominant everyplace the other categories in industrialized societies with large bureaucracies and legal systems (Quinlain 2011, p. 394), popular medicine, or natural medicine has been around for the quondam(prenominal) 10,000 years (Schwager 2012). Approximately 70-90% of health care takes place in popular medicine, making it the most ordinarily used (Quinlain 2011, p. 394). This broad range of treatment bottom of the inning take on the form of special diets, over the counter drugs, herbs and other home remedies.Popular medicine is different than that of the folk sector, which includes those individuals that obtain talents, information passed devo ur from ancestors and special training. Baer (2004) asserts that the different medical systems are placed into a hierarchy based on class, caste, racial, ethnic, regional, religious, and sexual activity distinctions, where biomedicine is the most prestigious and folk medicine is the least. However, in some cultures around the world, the treatment option can be based on convenience, accessibility, religious views, and knowledge of home remedies.In the case of a gentlemans gentleman named Shosi in Kenya, as explained by Beckerleg (1994), a number of therapy choices were available, provided the Islamic movement and economic interpolate give rised restrictions. Locals were lead to reject treatments of those who offer sorcery. Shosi instead exhausted medical pluralism until he found a treatment that subject areaed for his severe fever. He first started with home remedies, then moved to poorly understood drugs of western medicine but only found relief through a local Halali Sunna leader that practiced a form of folk medicine using plant materials.Fortunately for Shosi, he had different medical treatment options available to him. Since biomedicine is practiced more in western society, those in places like Kenya and Africa do not always understand the scientific background of it. This has a negative consequence on medical pluralism as two treatment options can contradict each other. A situation in Cameroon, Africa reflected this scenario. Medical doctors sure patients that their diabetes was a life sentence, but patients had false hope when the indigenous healers assured their diabetes could be cured.Awah and Phillimore (2008) described a situation in Cameroon of a patient with previously diagnosed diabetes that sought treatment at a local clinic for what she thought was typhoid. She told the doctor her diabetes was already treated and cured so she stopped taking the prescribed medication. in that location was a mutual frustration since she believed the doc tor was ignoring her real health problems, while he could not give out her to accept that her symptoms were a consequence of her poorly managed diabetes (Awah and Phillimore 2008, p. 485).Thus, this approach of medical pluralism led to a conflict with different medicines. Another example of a repercussion from using medical pluralism was seen in Tanzania. Kamat (2009, p. 54) wrote a case take apart describing how a woman named Fatumas took her girl to see the local Zaramo healer. She informed the doctor that her daughter has been crying continuously throughout the night and waking up convulsing for which he prescribed medicine for. However, she failed to tell him that she was giving her daughter over the counter drugs for a fever.With her misunderstanding, these two symptoms were actually signs of the same illness, which required a single treatment, rather than the two different ones. Kamat (2009, p. 55) described, In her pragmatic quest for therapy, Fatuma had routinely combine d elements from diverse and even contrasted medical traditions. Fatuma thought she was dealing with two different illnesses. Although there were these few cases where medical pluralism did not work to ones advantage, there are cases where using different medical treatments is advantageous such as the previously described situation of Shosi and also in Papua New Guinea.Here, medical treatment is at a lower cost than the local traditional healers since it receives funds from the government (Macintyre et al. 2005). Many locals first visit the local clinic, but in some cases need to resort to the local healers. The healer called Motkel successfully provides treatment in her village by using traditional herbal medications alongside biomedical treatment. Motkel works with cranial trepanation, a standard form of treatment in Papua New Guinea. She also believes that by alleviating symptoms and healing patients her work is same to medical doctors.This form of pluralism seems to work for th e locals, even though it may not in other areas of the world. As previously stated, many people rely on natural medicine. That being said, natural medicine is a large part of the medical industry as 57% of the 150 drugs on the market necessitate at least one plant product (Schwager 2012). However, at the time Schwagers article was published, a group of Australian doctors and scientists were fighting to remove alternative medicine degrees from the local universities.They declared that, alternative medicines are making Australia look bad and trashing the universities reputation (Schwager 2012). However, this could just be the next attempt to persuade the creation in to choosing biomedicine over natural medicine. Natural medicine still fights to prove it is not quackery despite being the most popular treatment in the world. Medical treatments vary around the globe, but are still shaped around the three categories of professional, folk and popular medicine that when used in conjuncti on, create what is termed medical pluralism.This broad term helps us understand health care systems and health care seeking behaviours within specific cultural contexts. The process of seeking medical treatment depends on the availability, convenience, and religious views amongst other factors in each culture. In some cultures this approach of medical pluralism works to ones advantage, but in others, can have various consequences as seen through each example provided in this essay. Biomedicine shows say-so over popular medicine and continues to test the ladder that is still widely practiced. Popular medicine, however, still stay part of the pluralistic setting.

Database Management System

little Hire firm is a sm each(prenominal) family descent that stocks habitual equipment such(prenominal) as garden tools, railroad car maintenance tools etc. For hiring to its customers. A entropybase schema is required to simplify management of the business and to entrust nigh pecuniary information and maintaining stocks. Equipments argon bodified under various categories.Equipments atomic number 18 of opposite brands at heart each(prenominal) category. Brands are varies in their prices and obtained from various suppliers. The know categories are a) Gardening Equipment d) Decorating Equipment g) Heating and Lighting b) Building Equipment e) gondola car Maintenance h) Miscellaneous c) Access Equipment f) Power Tools Prices of equipment offered by the various suppliers as well as the sales pitch clipping for that equipment mustinessiness be kept in the DB. The firm arranges for business customers only, a 24-hour stand out to deputise any Rosen or faulty equipme nt that on hire.Upon receiving a customer complain, an immediate delivery leave al unmatched be arranged to replace the faulty equipment provided that it is in stock. Otherwise, a refund for the full charged amount forget be administered. Private customers though, in similar cases, must bring the faulty equipment(s) themselves and replace them with working cardinals or engage a full refund if there isnt any ready(prenominal) in stock. Business customers are given various membership categories for discount purposes. These are silver, gold and diamond memberships.Silver members get 10% coin members get 25% and Diamond members get 40%. Hiring equipments for private customers are restricted to those who live within 5 miles radius from their address. This distance from the private customer address is measured on map on the wall and the information stored on the customer record the first time the hire equipments. No such restriction exists for business customers. Requirements The s pare-time activity sections specify the requirements of the organization. The computer is to be use when a customer visits the company to hire equipments.At this time the following processing is necessary for each transaction If not already known (I. E. Not introductoryly entered into the DB), the customers exposit are enter. The equipment to be hired, with expected return date, is recorded. The equipment stock as recorded in the database is updated automatically. When business customers call for support to replace any broken or faulty equipments on hire, a log must be do in the DB and whether replacement equipment is arranged and delivered or a full refund is given.When the equipment is returned, the following processing is required The actual return date is entered. An bank bill is printed which shows the item borrowed and calculates the total appeal including VAT. The cost should be establish on a rate for one day plus a rate for each additional day. The daily rate var ies between weekdays and weekend days. The stock figures are ad notwithstandinged. Business customer discounts leave be calculated according to the membership category, fleck no discount is given to private customers. 2. 3. 4. physical body and create a database to the above scenario.State any assumptions made (if any). Map the diagram in to Relational abstract and Proof your answer is normalized up to BC. Create the Database turnment Myself. Final report should contain 0 Assumptions 0 Entity Relationship plot 0 Relational Schema 0 Proof of Normalization 0 Myself commands which you founder utilise to create the database naming Background A Database charge frame (DBS) is a set of programs that en fittings you to store, modify, and extract information from a database, it also provides substance ab drug users with tools to add, delete, access, modify, and analyze data stored in one location.A group endure access the data by using query and account tools that are part of the DBS or by using activity programs specifically written to access the data. subsidisation Requirements 1 . The final written document should be Professional and dodge of rulesatic computerized document. 2. It is essential to bind References (if any). 3. Assignment should be word-processed and should be spiral bound. 4. The scallywag after the lead page should be as the assignment patsy scheme (Attachment No 001). 5. Submit the sof twainod of the assignment along with the bound hard copy. Written Assignment FormatTo receive full credit, assignments should maintain the following format 0 Font Caliber, Size apt. 0 Spacing standard. 0 File type (for electronic submission by prior arrangement) MS leger (. Doc only) 0 Name/headers/footers on each page. Page number on each page. Cover page/ Contains page. Rules and Regulation of the Assignment 1 . Assignments will NOT be accepted after the coda date of acceptance under any circumstance.Database wariness SystemBABCOCK UNIVER SITY ILISHAN REMO OGUN STATE bug emerge PROPOSAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE ON HOTEL MANAGEMENT scheme GROUP 8 labor MEMBERS 1. XXXXXXX 2. XXXXXXXXXXX 3. XXXXXXXXXXXX 4. XXXXXXXXXX 5. OBRUTSE ONAJITE 09/1635 6. OKOROSOBO TEMITOPE 7. OLAJIDE SEGUN 8. XXXXXXXXXX 9. XXXXXXXX 10. XXXXXXXXXX PROJECT MANAGER MRS AYITE 1. INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND Online Alumni System An Alumni Management System is a system that helps in keeping the records of the past students in which that it tail assembly be sorted by the class or by their major.Alumni management system is implemented in various schools almost the globe, so it arsehole help the student to get together when there is the deal to get together, whitethornbe for a get together Dinner and so on. B. SCOPE /OVERVIEW The Online alumni system is blueprinted to maintain the enlarge of the past student, so when the school wants to check the year a student graduated for most unforeseen c ircumstances. Using this take to, the executive director registers each past student into the directory and gives them their username and password so they tin login and update their profile. The Alumni Management System provides following features. Members Directory * Online photo gallery * Comment posting facility C. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The rent of the software package is to mount a software that helps the university to keep good record of their old students, in vagabond to refer to them when necessary, even up on occasions where they want to make a year book for the graduating class or something. D. PROJECT OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVE The central objective of this stomach is to provide facility for record system for the university committee. In previous system (i. e. Manual System), the student has to queue up to register his/her name in the alumni register on paper.Database Management System and DataThis was the fully time consuming, expensive etc. Through this return, he send word update his database whitethornbe when he is married and he wants to change his status to married and so on. 2. arrangement psychodepth psychology System analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the facts to make better the system. System analysis specifies what the system should do. A system is a set of components that interact to accomplish some purpose. * Identifying the drawback of the animated system * Identify the sine qua non for conversion * Perform feasibility orbit * Identify hardware, software and database requirements Create a system definition that forms the foundation for subsequent work A. SYSTEM get a line Overview of the brisk System In the existing system user female genitalia calculate so much problems. They set about to waist so much time for the registering. This is the time consuming task. Sometimes user is very shopworn and then they face the so much problem. Sometimes user feel the lazi ness, this is also failure for the existing system. B. FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility of a realise underside be ascertained in foothold of technical factors, economical factors, or both. A feasibility work is documented with a report presentation all the ramifications of the formulate.Technical feasibility Technical feasibility refers to the ability of the process to take advan drop behinde of the current bow of the technology in pursuing further improvement. The technical capability of the personnel as well as the capability of the in stock(predicate) technology should be considered. Technology transfer between geographical areas and cultures needs to be analyzed to fancy productiveness loss (or gain) due to differences (see Cultural feasibility). Since we are using PHP 5, tom 6. 0 and so on technically our project is feasible. Economic feasiblenessThis involves the feasibility of the proposed project to generate economic benefits. A benefit-cost analysis and a break even analysis are important aspects of evaluating the economic feasibility of new industrial projects. The real and intangible aspects of a project should be translated into economic terms to facilitate a consistent fundament for evaluation. Cultural Feasibility Cultural feasibility deals with the compatibility of the proposed project with the cultural setup of the project environment. In effortful projects, planned functions must be integrated with the local cultural practices and beliefs.For example, religious beliefs may yield what an undivided is willing to do or not do. Social Feasibility Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed project may have on the social system in the project environment. The ambient social building may be such that certain categories of workers may be in short supply or nonexistent. The effect of the cypher on the social status of the project participants must be assessed to turn back compatibility. It should be recognized that workers in certain industries may have certain status symbols within the society. Scope of Feasibility psychoanalysisIn general terms, the elements of a feasibility analysis for a project should cover the following I. Need Analysis This indicates recognition of a need for the project. The need may affect the organization itself, another organization, the public, or the giving medication. A preliminary playing area is then conducted to confirm and evaluate the need. A proposal of how the need may be satisfied is then made. Relevant questions that should be asked include * Is the need significant enough to justify the proposed project? * Will the need still exist by the time the project is completed? * What are the utility(a) means of substantive the need? What are the economic, social, environmental, and political impacts of the need? II. Process Work This is the preliminary analysis done to set apart what will be required to satisfy the need. The work may be serveed by a cons ultant who is an expert in the project field. The preliminary study often involves system models or prototypes. For technology-oriented projects, artists conception and scaled-down models may be utilise for illustrating the general characteristics of a process. A simulation of the proposed system can be carried out to predict the outcome before the actual project starts. III. Engineering & DesignThis involves a little technical study of the proposed project. Written quotations are obtained from suppliers and subcontractors as needed. Technology capabilities are evaluated as needed. Product intention, if needed, should be done at this time. IV. Cost Estimate This involves estimating project cost to an acceptable level of accuracy. Levels of around -5% to +15% are greens at this level of a project plan. Both the initial and operating cost are include in the cost estimation. Estimates of capital investment and of recurring and nonrecurring costs should also be contained in the cost estimate document.Sensitivity analysis can be carried out on the estimated cost set to see how cranky the project plan is to the estimated cost values. V. Financial Analysis This involves an analysis of the cash lead profile of the project. The analysis should consider rates of return, inflation, sources of capital, payback periods, breakeven point, residual values, and sensitivity. This is a critical analysis since it determines whether or not and when finances will be available to the project. The project cash flow profile helps to support the economic and financial feasibility of the project. VI. Project ImpactsThis portion of the feasibility study provides an assessment of the impact on the proposed project. Environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic impacts may be some of the factors that will determine how a project is perceived by the public. The value added electric potential of the project should also be assessed. A value added tax revenue may be assesse d based on the price of a product and the cost of the raw material used in making the product. The tax so collected may be viewed as a contri stillion to government coffers. Conclusions and Recommendations The feasibility study should end with the overall outcome of the project analysis.This may indicate an endorsement or disapproval of the project. Recommendations on what should be done should be included in this section of the feasibility report. 3. SYSTEM DESIGN System design provides the understanding and procedural details necessary for implementing the system recommended in the system study. Emphasis is on translating the performance requirements into design specifications. The design phase is a transition from a user oriented document (System proposal) to a documented oriented to the programmers or database personnel. A. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION I.Entity Relationship Diagram It is clear that the physiologic objects from the previous section the administrator, styles, custo mer all correspond to entities in the Entity-Relationship model, and the operations to be done on those entities. Date of Birth Date of Birth SEX SEX wee-wee NAME educatee Student Email Email Address Address IS A IS A graduate Alumnus IS A IS A GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATE assimilator GRADUATE STUDENT postgraduate POSTGRADUATE COURSE COURSE DEGREE PROGRAMME DEGREE PROGRAMME COMPUTING TOOLS A. METHODOLOGIES B. scheduling LANGUAGES TOOLS USED FOR ontogenesis talking to - PHPDatabase - My SQL Web Server - APACHE TOMCAT 6. 0 IDE - NETBEANS programming quarrel excerpt affects the productivity and enter quality in several ways. Programmers working with high level language give better productivity and quality than those working with low level language, because former is more expensive in nature. We have used HTML, PHP account booking languages for the mark as we have to make the software and these languages provide great compatibility and flexibility. Overview of programing Languages Overview of PHP The PHP technology will be used to interface HTML.The PHP technology provides a seamless conjunction and presents an unaffixed to use, PHP-like programming constructs that can be scripted within HTML files. Hypertext preprocessor is a technology for developing weather vane pages that include energising content. A PHP page contains standard markup language elements, such as HTML tags, just like a regular weave page. A PHP page also contains special PHP elements that allow the master of ceremonies to insert self-propelled content in the web page. ADVANTAGES OF PHP 1. PHP supports both scripting and element-based dynamic content. 2. totallyows developing custom tag libraries. . PHP pages are precompiled for good server processing. 4. PHP pages can be used in combination with servlets that handle the business logic. 5. last Security. . 6. High Quality tool supports. 7. Write Once, Run Everywhere. 8. PHP is vender Neutral Overview of burnt umber helping hand java script is a general purpose, prototype based, object oriented scripting language highly-developed together with by insolate and Netscape and is meant for the WWW. coffee tree script borrows most of its syntax from java but also inherits from awk and perl, with some indirect influence from self in its object prototype system. deep brown Script is almost as sonant to learn as HTML and it can be included directly in HTML documents. Java Script was developed independently of java. Java script is a high level scripting language that does not depend on or expose particular machine representations or operating system services. FEATURES OF coffee SCRIPT Java script is embedded into HTML documents and is executed with in them. Java script is browser dependent. JavaScript is an interpreted language that can be interpreted by the browser at run time. Java script is by and large typed language. Java script is an object-based language.Java script is an Event-Driv en language and supports event handlers to specify the operativeity of a button. The Struts fashion model provides the flexibility to develop the much less coupled applications. It generalizes and strictly implements MVC-model View Controller Architecture. That is the basic need of our architecture. Overview of Apache Tomcat Apache Tomcat is a servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the Java Server Pages (JSP) specifications from insolate Microsystems, and provides a pure Java HTTP web server environment for Java statute to run.Tomcat should not be confused with the Apache web server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server these two web servers are not bundled together. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be configure by modify XML configuration files. Overview of MySQL MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS) which has, accordi ng to MySQL AB, more than 10 one thousand thousand installations. MySQL is owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, which holds the copyright to most codebase. Libraries for ccessing MySQL databases are available in all major programming languages with language-specific APIs. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as ASP or ColdFusion. The MySQL server and official libraries are broadly implemented in ANSI C. C. PLATFORM I. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS Processor Pentium III or higher RAM 128 MB or more than Hard Disk 20 GB or More Modem 56KBPS / LAN batting order II. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS operate System Windows XP, VISTA 7. Web Server ApacheFront End JSP Back End MySQL Scripts JavaScript Language JAVA III. user Interface Requirements The user of the proposed system requires that the developed software should be user friendly , have security access, and ensure the privacy of the administrator and produce results in timely manner. The users are not much exposed to the on-line hotel management, so the system interface to the user must be simple and understandable. The web pages must be user-friendly and must be in an easy-to-use style. The user must be able to slow teddy among various I/O screens.The product is well knowing so that it can be used easily by layman and also the users who are novices to the system. The system should be knowing in such a way that only beginningized users should be allowed to login to the system. The user interface should be as interactive as possible. A user-friendly interface must be provided so that the user can easily interact with the system and comprehend things in a quicker and easier way. The system must provide safe and up-to-date information. The application should be efficient so that the user does not expend much time in training.Consistency will increase th e confidence of the user in the reliability of the application. The user must be limited with a small set of operations to achieve the result. The application should be visually and conceptually clear. The interface should accommodate user mistakes easily and fast. It should minimize the errors and should handle them peacefully. IV. Database Requirements The database should be designed in such a way that it enhances the efficient storage, retrieval and manipulation of all the information associated. For representative all general information regarding an item attribute should be stored in a particular table.The concerned users should have the facility to query to the database and supply the basic information easily. Security mechanisms should be provided so that no confidential details should be accessible to unauthorized persons. The database should be organized in such a way that it helps in preparing various essential summaries needed for users. V. Functional Requirements The v arious functional requirements of the system can be summarized as 1. A home page that is user friendly and ambiguous. 2. Administrator Login Facility 3. relate to other colligate sites. 4.Ability of Administrator to perform any tasks which you can see in my snapshots (below) and in my trial project. 5. A login page for alumnus to create a new user if not registered VI. Non-Functional Requirements Non-functional requirements define the system properties and constraints that arise by means of user needs, because of the budgeted constraints or organizational policies, or because of the need for interoperability with other software or due to the immaterial factors such as safety regulations privacy registrations and so on. VII. Other Requirements and ConstraintsPerformance Requirements * The database should be centralize and secure. * The system should be user friendly and easily accessible * The system must be reliable. Design Requirements The main objectives of stimulation desig n are * Controlling the amount of input * Keeping the process simple, avoiding errors. * The lift out thing in the input design is to achieve all the objectives mentioned in the simplest manner possible. The main objectives of takings design are * Identifying the specific outputs. * Creating reports for displaying and storing information. 4. MILESTONES A.TIMELINES I. DISTRIBUTION OF TASKS AND SUBTASKS II. TEAM MEMBERS RESPONSIBILITIES Each project member has been given a role to perform which will make the project work go smoothly. III. PROPOSED TIMEFRAME FOR distributively TASK AS ASSIGNED B. DEADLINES FOR EACH TASK AND MODULES C. PROPOSED DUE DATE 5. POSSIBLE TEST CASES AND PLANS 6. LIMITATIONS The Hotel Management System can be used for any organization that may require detailed information at one time or the other. This application covers a relatively large scope more than is highlighted in this project work.There is always room for improvement depending on the in tending area of application. For the purpose of this project, however, we will use Arzu Hotels as a set case. The limitations of this project are * Unavailability of sufficient time due to tight academic schedule. * deficiency of internet connection to perform necessary research Despite these limitations, we will be able to design a functional Hotel Management System. 7. CONCLUSION From a proper analysis of positive points and constraints on the component, it can be safely concluded that the product is a highly efficient GUI based component.This application is working the right way and meeting to all user requirements. This component can be easily out of use(p) in many an(prenominal) other systems. 8. APPENDIX I. schedule Programming is not only a inventive activity but also an intellectually rigorous discipline. It is the part where the design is actually translated into the machine clean form which is called program. II. Programming Principles The main activity of coding ph ase is to translate design into code. If we translate the social organization of the design properly, we will have structured programs. A structured program doesnt just extend.It is the end product of series of efforts that try to understand the problem and develop a structured, understandable resolvent plan. It is all unattainable to write a good structured program based on unregulated poor design . The coding phase affects both testing and maintenance , profoundly the time spent in coding is small dower of the total software cost, while testing and maintenance fine-tune the major percentage . The goal of coding phase is not to simplify the job of the tester and maintainer. III. Programming style A well written program is more easily read and understood both by the author and by others who work that program.A good Programming style is characterized by the following * ease * Readability * nigh(a) documentation * Changeability * Predictability * Good Structure IV. Selection of Coding Language All the programs coded should be based on a standard which can tend to the needs of all readers, i. e. it should provide degree of predictability in programs of a common type. There are many aspects to what the programs must do so to enable the different users to comfortably work on it. For example the program should * Be corrective of the root * Have maximum speed of execution * Be comprehensive and east to maintainDatabase Management SystemBABCOCK UNIVERSITY ILISHAN REMO OGUN STATE PROJECT PROPOSAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE ON HOTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM GROUP 8 PROJECT MEMBERS 1. XXXXXXX 2. XXXXXXXXXXX 3. XXXXXXXXXXXX 4. XXXXXXXXXX 5. OBRUTSE ONAJITE 09/1635 6. OKOROSOBO TEMITOPE 7. OLAJIDE SEGUN 8. XXXXXXXXXX 9. XXXXXXXX 10. XXXXXXXXXX PROJECT MANAGER MRS AYITE 1. INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND Online Alumni System An Alumni Management System is a system that helps in keeping the records of the past students in which that it can be sorted by the year or by their major.Alumni management system is implemented in various schools around the globe, so it can help the student to get together when there is the need to get together, maybe for a get together Dinner and so on. B. SCOPE /OVERVIEW The Online alumni system is designed to maintain the details of the past student, so when the school wants to check the year a student graduated for some unforeseen circumstances. Using this project, the administrator registers each past student into the directory and gives them their username and password so they can login and update their profile. The Alumni Management System provides following features. Members Directory * Online photo gallery * Comment posting facility C. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The aim of the software is to develop a software that helps the university to keep good record of their old students, in order to refer to them when necessary, even on occasions where they want to make a year book for th e graduating class or something. D. PROJECT OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVE The central objective of this project is to provide facility for record system for the university committee. In previous system (i. e. Manual System), the student has to queue up to register his/her name in the alumni register on paper.Database Management System and DataThis was the fully time consuming, expensive etc. Through this product, he can update his database maybe when he is married and he wants to change his status to married and so on. 2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS System analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the facts to improve the system. System analysis specifies what the system should do. A system is a set of components that interact to accomplish some purpose. * Identifying the drawback of the existing system * Identify the need for conversion * Perform feasibility study * Identify hardware, software and database requirements Create a system definition that for ms the foundation for subsequent work A. SYSTEM STUDY Overview of the Existing System In the existing system user can face so much problems. They have to waist so much time for the registering. This is the time consuming task. Sometimes user is very tired then they face the so much problem. Sometimes user feel the laziness, this is also failure for the existing system. B. FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility of a project can be ascertained in terms of technical factors, economic factors, or both. A feasibility study is documented with a report showing all the ramifications of the project.Technical Feasibility Technical feasibility refers to the ability of the process to take advantage of the current state of the technology in pursuing further improvement. The technical capability of the personnel as well as the capability of the available technology should be considered. Technology transfer between geographical areas and cultures needs to be analyzed to understand productivity loss (or gain) due to differences (see Cultural Feasibility). Since we are using PHP 5, Tomcat 6. 0 and so on technically our project is feasible. Economic FeasibilityThis involves the feasibility of the proposed project to generate economic benefits. A benefit-cost analysis and a breakeven analysis are important aspects of evaluating the economic feasibility of new industrial projects. The tangible and intangible aspects of a project should be translated into economic terms to facilitate a consistent basis for evaluation. Cultural Feasibility Cultural feasibility deals with the compatibility of the proposed project with the cultural setup of the project environment. In labor-intensive projects, planned functions must be integrated with the local cultural practices and beliefs.For example, religious beliefs may influence what an individual is willing to do or not do. Social Feasibility Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed project may have on the social system in the p roject environment. The ambient social structure may be such that certain categories of workers may be in short supply or nonexistent. The effect of the Project on the social status of the project participants must be assessed to ensure compatibility. It should be recognized that workers in certain industries may have certain status symbols within the society. Scope of Feasibility AnalysisIn general terms, the elements of a feasibility analysis for a project should cover the following I. Need Analysis This indicates recognition of a need for the project. The need may affect the organization itself, another organization, the public, or the government. A preliminary study is then conducted to confirm and evaluate the need. A proposal of how the need may be satisfied is then made. Relevant questions that should be asked include * Is the need significant enough to justify the proposed project? * Will the need still exist by the time the project is completed? * What are the alternate mea ns of satisfying the need? What are the economic, social, environmental, and political impacts of the need? II. Process Work This is the preliminary analysis done to determine what will be required to satisfy the need. The work may be performed by a consultant who is an expert in the project field. The preliminary study often involves system models or prototypes. For technology-oriented projects, artists conception and scaled-down models may be used for illustrating the general characteristics of a process. A simulation of the proposed system can be carried out to predict the outcome before the actual project starts. III. Engineering & DesignThis involves a detailed technical study of the proposed project. Written quotations are obtained from suppliers and subcontractors as needed. Technology capabilities are evaluated as needed. Product design, if needed, should be done at this time. IV. Cost Estimate This involves estimating project cost to an acceptable level of accuracy. Levels of around -5% to +15% are common at this level of a project plan. Both the initial and operating costs are included in the cost estimation. Estimates of capital investment and of recurring and nonrecurring costs should also be contained in the cost estimate document.Sensitivity analysis can be carried out on the estimated cost values to see how sensitive the project plan is to the estimated cost values. V. Financial Analysis This involves an analysis of the cash flow profile of the project. The analysis should consider rates of return, inflation, sources of capital, payback periods, breakeven point, residual values, and sensitivity. This is a critical analysis since it determines whether or not and when funds will be available to the project. The project cash flow profile helps to support the economic and financial feasibility of the project. VI. Project ImpactsThis portion of the feasibility study provides an assessment of the impact on the proposed project. Environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic impacts may be some of the factors that will determine how a project is perceived by the public. The value added potential of the project should also be assessed. A value added tax may be assessed based on the price of a product and the cost of the raw material used in making the product. The tax so collected may be viewed as a contribution to government coffers. Conclusions and Recommendations The feasibility study should end with the overall outcome of the project analysis.This may indicate an endorsement or disapproval of the project. Recommendations on what should be done should be included in this section of the feasibility report. 3. SYSTEM DESIGN System design provides the understanding and procedural details necessary for implementing the system recommended in the system study. Emphasis is on translating the performance requirements into design specifications. The design phase is a transition from a user oriented document (System proposal) to a documented oriented to the programmers or database personnel. A. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION I.Entity Relationship Diagram It is clear that the physical objects from the previous section the administrator, rooms, customer all correspond to entities in the Entity-Relationship model, and the operations to be done on those entities. Date of Birth Date of Birth SEX SEX NAME NAME Student Student Email Email Address Address IS A IS A Alumnus Alumnus IS A IS A GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATE STUDENT GRADUATE STUDENT POSTGRADUATE POSTGRADUATE COURSE COURSE DEGREE PROGRAMME DEGREE PROGRAMME COMPUTING TOOLS A. METHODOLOGIES B. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TOOLS USED FOR DEVELOPING Language - PHPDatabase - My SQL Web Server - APACHE TOMCAT 6. 0 IDE - NETBEANS Programming language choice affects the productivity and code quality in several ways. Programmers working with high level language achieve better productivity and quality than those working with low level language, because former is more expensive in nature. We have used HTML, PHP scripting languages for the coding as we have to make the software and these languages provide great compatibility and flexibility. Overview of Programming Languages Overview of PHP The PHP technology will be used to interface HTML.The PHP technology provides a seamless connection and presents an easy to use, PHP-like programming constructs that can be scripted within HTML files. Hypertext preprocessor is a technology for developing web pages that include dynamic content. A PHP page contains standard markup language elements, such as HTML tags, just like a regular web page. A PHP page also contains special PHP elements that allow the server to insert dynamic content in the web page. ADVANTAGES OF PHP 1. PHP supports both scripting and element-based dynamic content. 2. Allows developing custom tag libraries. . PHP pages are precompiled for efficient server processing. 4. PHP pages can be used in combination with servlets that handle th e business logic. 5. High Security. . 6. High Quality tool supports. 7. Write Once, Run Everywhere. 8. PHP is vender Neutral Overview of Java Script Java script is a general purpose, prototype based, object oriented scripting language developed jointly by sun and Netscape and is meant for the WWW. Java script borrows most of its syntax from java but also inherits from awk and perl, with some indirect influence from self in its object prototype system.Java Script is almost as easy to learn as HTML and it can be included directly in HTML documents. Java Script was developed independently of java. Java script is a high level scripting language that does not depend on or expose particular machine representations or operating system services. FEATURES OF JAVA SCRIPT Java script is embedded into HTML documents and is executed with in them. Java script is browser dependent. JavaScript is an interpreted language that can be interpreted by the browser at run time. Java script is loosely type d language. Java script is an object-based language.Java script is an Event-Driven language and supports event handlers to specify the functionality of a button. The Struts framework provides the flexibility to develop the much less coupled applications. It generalizes and strictly implements MVC-model View Controller Architecture. That is the basic need of our architecture. Overview of Apache Tomcat Apache Tomcat is a servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the Java Server Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a pure Java HTTP web server environment for Java code to run.Tomcat should not be confused with the Apache web server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server these two web servers are not bundled together. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be configured by editing XML configuration files. Overview of MySQL MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS) which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. MySQL is owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, which holds the copyright to most codebase. Libraries for ccessing MySQL databases are available in all major programming languages with language-specific APIs. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as ASP or ColdFusion. The MySQL server and official libraries are mostly implemented in ANSI C. C. PLATFORM I. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS Processor Pentium III or higher RAM 128 MB or More Hard Disk 20 GB or More Modem 56KBPS / LAN Card II. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS Operating System Windows XP, VISTA 7. Web Server ApacheFront End JSP Back End MySQL Scripts JavaScript Language JAVA III. User Interface Requirements The user of the proposed system requires that the develop ed software should be user friendly, have security access, and ensure the privacy of the administrator and produce results in timely manner. The users are not frequently exposed to the on-line hotel management, so the system interface to the user must be simple and understandable. The web pages must be user-friendly and must be in an easy-to-use style. The user must be able to easily switch among various I/O screens.The product is well designed so that it can be used easily by layman and also the users who are novices to the system. The system should be designed in such a way that only authorized users should be allowed to login to the system. The user interface should be as interactive as possible. A user-friendly interface must be provided so that the user can easily interact with the system and comprehend things in a quicker and easier way. The system must provide reliable and up-to-date information. The application should be efficient so that the user does not spend much time in training.Consistency will increase the confidence of the user in the reliability of the application. The user must be limited with a small set of operations to achieve the result. The application should be visually and conceptually clear. The interface should accommodate user mistakes easily and fast. It should minimize the errors and should handle them peacefully. IV. Database Requirements The database should be designed in such a way that it enhances the efficient storage, retrieval and manipulation of all the information associated. For instance all general information regarding an item attribute should be stored in a particular table.The concerned users should have the facility to query to the database and supply the basic information easily. Security mechanisms should be provided so that no confidential details should be accessible to unauthorized persons. The database should be organized in such a way that it helps in preparing various essential summaries needed for users. V. Functional Requirements The various functional requirements of the system can be summarized as 1. A home page that is user friendly and ambiguous. 2. Administrator Login Facility 3. Links to other related sites. 4.Ability of Administrator to perform any tasks which you can see in my snapshots (below) and in my running project. 5. A login page for alumnus to create a new user if not registered VI. Non-Functional Requirements Non-functional requirements define the system properties and constraints that arise through user needs, because of the budgeted constraints or organizational policies, or because of the need for interoperability with other software or due to the external factors such as safety regulations privacy registrations and so on. VII. Other Requirements and ConstraintsPerformance Requirements * The database should be centralized and secure. * The system should be user friendly and easily accessible * The system must be reliable. Design Requirements The main objectives of input design are * Controlling the amount of input * Keeping the process simple, avoiding errors. * The best thing in the input design is to achieve all the objectives mentioned in the simplest manner possible. The main objectives of output design are * Identifying the specific outputs. * Creating reports for displaying and storing information. 4. MILESTONES A.TIMELINES I. DISTRIBUTION OF TASKS AND SUBTASKS II. TEAM MEMBERS RESPONSIBILITIES Each project member has been given a role to perform which will make the project work go smoothly. III. PROPOSED TIMEFRAME FOR EACH TASK AS ASSIGNED B. DEADLINES FOR EACH TASK AND MODULES C. PROPOSED DUE DATE 5. POSSIBLE TEST CASES AND PLANS 6. LIMITATIONS The Hotel Management System can be used for any organization that may require detailed information at one time or the other. This application covers a relatively large scope more than is highlighted in this project work.There is always room for improvement depending on the intendin g area of application. For the purpose of this project, however, we will use Arzu Hotels as a set case. The limitations of this project are * Unavailability of sufficient time due to tight academic schedule. * Lack of internet connection to perform necessary research Despite these limitations, we will be able to design a functional Hotel Management System. 7. CONCLUSION From a proper analysis of positive points and constraints on the component, it can be safely concluded that the product is a highly efficient GUI based component.This application is working properly and meeting to all user requirements. This component can be easily plugged in many other systems. 8. APPENDIX I. Programming Programming is not only a creative activity but also an intellectually rigorous discipline. It is the part where the design is actually translated into the machine readable form which is called program. II. Programming Principles The main activity of coding phase is to translate design into code. If we translate the structure of the design properly, we will have structured programs. A structured program doesnt just happen.It is the end product of series of efforts that try to understand the problem and develop a structured, understandable solution plan. It is all impossible to write a good structured program based on unstructured poor design . The coding phase affects both testing and maintenance , profoundly the time spent in coding is small percentage of the total software cost, while testing and maintenance consume the major percentage . The goal of coding phase is not to simplify the job of the tester and maintainer. III. Programming style A well written program is more easily read and understood both by the author and by others who work that program.A good Programming style is characterized by the following * Simplicity * Readability * Good documentation * Changeability * Predictability * Good Structure IV. Selection of Coding Language All the programs coded should be bas ed on a standard which can tend to the needs of all readers, i. e. it should provide degree of predictability in programs of a common type. There are many aspects to what the programs must do so to enable the different users to comfortably work on it. For example the program should * Be corrective of the solution * Have maximum speed of execution * Be comprehensive and east to maintain